What is compression ratio and why it is important?

Injection moulding is a highly complex manufacturing process. However, it’s also a very productive and accurate one for manufacturers who have the expertise and experience to get it right. 

Although the injection moulding process can create thousands of highly accurate plastic components in each production cycle, there are lots of parameters that need to be considered to ensure this consistent performance. One of these parameters is compression ratios.

This article will explain what compression ratios are, what impact they can have on the accuracy and quality of your plastic components and how you can check that your manufacturer has the expertise to get compression ratios right.

What are injection moulding compression ratios? 

Before talking specifically about compression ratios, it’s important to have a basic knowledge of the injection moulding process and how it works. In simple terms, injection moulding is the process of injecting molten resin or plastic into a mould at high speed and pressure to create single or multiple parts.

To inject the molten plastic into the mould, a screw is used. This screw is a large part of the injection moulding machine and is what feeds the plastic from the hopper (where it is melted) through the barrel and into the mould at high speed and pressure.

Compression ratios refer directly to the screw in injection moulding machines. To work out this ratio, the length (or flight) of the screw is typically separated into three sections: the feed, transition and metering sections. However, there are different screw designs that injection moulding manufacturers use depending on the type of thermoplastic they’re using and product they’re moulding.

To work out the compression rate, it’s essential to understand channel depth. Channel depth is the volume of plastic that’s held between each ‘turn’ on the screw. The length between each ‘turn’ (known as the root diameter) changes in each section of the screw, which means the volume of plastic also changes.

The ratio of the feed zone channel depth to the meter zone channel depth is what is referred to as the ‘compression ratio’.

 Why is understanding the compression ratios important? 

Different screws in different machines have different compression ratios. Manufacturers need to be aware of the compression ratio of their chosen screw because this will impact on the amount of heat and pressure applied to the plastic during the injection moulding process.

Moulding plastic using two different screws (and with two different compression ratios) will cause the material to react in two different ways. Certain plastics may become faulty under certain compression ratios because too much friction, pressure and heat will be applied to the resin.

Which controls need to be adjusted when the compression ratio changes?  

The higher the compression ratio, the greater the:

• Shear heat imparted to the plastic resin.
• Heat uniformity of the plastic resin melt.
• Potential for creating stresses in some plastic resins.
• Energy consumption.

This means that, as the compression ratio changes, the level of heat and pressure applied to the plastic and the speed at which the screw is turning needs to be adjusted to ensure the plastic is at optimum condition for injection.

If one of these controls isn’t accurate, it can cause faults in the final part. For example, if the compression ratio, injection speed, pressure or plastic temperature is too high, the plastic will scorch or become too molten, and the final parts will warp.

Length to diameter (L/D) ratio is also an important ratio to consider. This is the ratio of the flighted length of the screw divided by its nominal outside diameter. Although several injection moulding machine manufacturers now offer a choice of injection units, most injection screws use a 20:1 L/D ratio.

Ensuring that the L/D ratio is correct is also essential to maintaining high plastic component quality. The larger the ratio and longer the flighted length the:

• More shear heat can be uniformly generated in the plastic without it degrading.
• Greater the opportunity for mixing, resulting in a better homogeneity of the plastic melt.
• Greater the residence time of the plastic in the barrel, possibly permitting faster cycles of larger shots.

Any experienced injection moulding manufacturer should have a thorough knowledge of both these ratios and how they relate to screw design and material choice.

Compression moulding vs injection moulding: what’s the difference? 

Sometimes there is confusion between compression ratios in the injection moulding process and a different process called compression moulding. Although injection moulding is a more widely used process, compression moulding is still used for specific components, such as plastic gaskets, seals and grommets.

Similarly, in injection moulding, compression moulding requires an accurate metal mould tool that is used to form molten plastic. However, rather than injecting the molten plastic into the mould tool at high speed, the molten plastic is placed into the mould and then compressed using air. This compression packs out the part in the mould while it cools, forming the final shape.

What are the key differences between compression and injection moulding?

The main differences between the injection and compression moulding processes are:

• Compression moulding doesn’t use a screw to inject plastic into the mould tool, it compacts a part using air. 
• Compression moulded products tend to be more blocky and less complex than injection moulded components. These products also tend to be larger in size.
• The production time of injection moulded parts is significantly less. Often compression moulded parts need to be further processed, for example excess plastic needs to be trimmed. This means the labour time is higher for compression moulded parts. 
• Injection moulded parts can be produced to a higher quality and in greater quantity thanks to the tight parameter controls and shorter production cycle times. 

However, there are also some key similarities between the two processes, including the fact that parts can be produced at a low cost. Parts can also be created in different colours with a range of aesthetic qualities depending on the type of plastics that are used.

What should you ask your manufacturer about compression ratios?

Understanding compression ratios is a good marker of a manufacturer’s process knowledge and expertise. It’s also key to ensuring the final quality of your components. To find out more about a manufacturer’s compression ratios, the following questions should be asked:

• What compression ratios do you use in your injection moulding machines? 
• How do you adjust other parameters so you can mould different plastics under your available compression ratios effectively? 
• How do you ensure your compression ratios don’t negatively impact on the final quality of your products? 

Answers to these questions will help to clarify a manufacturer’s level of process knowledge and ensure they can meet the component quality standards required.

Essentra Components are in the process of upgrading their injection moulding machines to more efficient, electric models. This means can have greater control over their compression ratios to produce high-quality injection moulded parts for clients.

With more than 65 years of experience and expertise in injection moulding, they’re experienced at balancing the different controls and parameters with the compression ratios of different machines. Their expertise and manufacturing quality controls means customers can trust in the high standard of their components, from part one to part one million.